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Barbara Radziwiłł
Barbara Radziwiłł ((ベラルーシ語:Барбара Радзівіл), (リトアニア語:Barbora Radvilaitė), (ポーランド語:Barbara Radziwiłłówna); 6 December 1520/23 – 8 May 1551) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as consort of Sigismund II Augustus, the last male monarch of the Jagiellon dynasty. Barbara, a great beauty and already widowed, became a royal mistress most likely in 1543 and they married in secret in July or August 1547. The marriage caused a scandal; it was vehemently opposed by Polish nobles, including Queen mother Bona Sforza. Sigismund Augustus, assisted by Barbara's cousin Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł and brother Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, worked tirelessly to gain recognition of their marriage and to crown Barbara as Queen of Poland. They succeeded and Barbara's coronation was held on 7 December 1550 at Wawel Cathedral. However, her health was already failing and she died just five months later. Even though it was brief, her reign propelled the Radziwiłł family to new heights of political power and influence.〔Frost (2015), pp. 437–438〕
Her contemporaries generally viewed Barbara in a negative light, accusing her of promiscuity and witchcraft. Her life became surrounded by many rumors and myths. From the 18th century, the life of Barbara became romanticized as the great tragic love affair. It has been used as an example of "love conquers all" with Bona Sforza often acting as the chief villain.〔 It caught public imagination and has inspired many artists to create poems, plays, films, and other works. That made Barbara Radziwiłł one of the best known and most recognized women in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland.
== Marriage to Stanislovas Goštautas==
Barbara was the youngest child of Jerzy Radziwiłł, Voivode of Trakai and Vilnius and Great Lithuanian Hetman, and his wife Barbara Kolanka, daughter of Voivode of Podolia.〔Duczmal (2012), p. 68〕 Her exact birth date is unknown. It is known that she was born on 6 December, but the year is not know. Historians usually provide either 1520, as recorded in Radziwiłł genealogy found in Nesvizh, or 1523, as recorded on a plaque found in her tomb.〔Kirkor & Kuchowicz (1991), p. 42〕 Details of her education are unknown, but it is unlikely that it was extensive.〔 From her correspondence, it is known that she could speak and write in Polish.〔Duczmal (2012), p. 69〕 From a February 1549 letter it could be inferred that she understood at least some Latin,〔Ragauskienė & Ragauskas (2001), p. 160〕 but her letters to Sigismund Augustus had not a single Latin phrase.〔Ragauskienė & Ragauskas (2001), p. 152〕 According to her contemporaries, Barbara was very beautiful. Moreover, Barbara had an interest in fashion and cosmetics; she used perfumes and face powder.〔Cynarski (2007), p. 72〕
In 1536, Stanislovas Goštautas, Voivode of Nowogrodek, canceled his betrothal to Anna Elżbieta Radziwiłł, elder sister of Barbara.〔 Jerzy Radziwiłł then offered the hand of Barbara even though it was against custom for a younger sister to wed first. The wedding treaty was signed on 20 October 1526 in Radun'.〔 Another plan to wed either Anna Elżbieta or Barbara to Ilia Ostrogski, the only son of Great Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski, fell through. The wedding of Barbara and Stanislovas Goštautas took place on 18 May 1537 in Goštautas' residence in Hieraniony. Her dowry included numerous silver and gilded tableware items, 24 fine horses, dresses of satin and damask decorated with gold and precious stones. In exchange, Stanislovas transferred property worth 8,000 kopas of Lithuanian groschens to Barbara.〔 Their marriage was childless. Stanislovas died unexpectedly after a brief illness on 18 December 1542.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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